To contend with the construction policy of "economy, application, green, and beauty" introduced by contemporary China, the fabricated structure has gradually become the focus of attention in recent years. Compared with the traditional cast-in-place structure, the assembled structure is more in line with the requirements of energy-saving, material-saving, environmental protection, etc. Therefore, it is extremely important to further study the seismic performance of fabricated structures. Owing to the existence of wet operation in the joints of existing fabricated shear wall structures, construction is very difficult as strong members and weak joints often appear. Hence, we propose a new type of fabricated shear wall structure under prestressed constraint. The shear wall of the proposed structure was constructed by prestressed reinforcement. Due to no wet work at the construction site, the construction quality was improved. When an earthquake occurs, the natural period of the structure was increased by changing its stiffness, so as to reduce earthquake stress. At the same time, steel waste was avoided. Based on the time history analysis of the cast-in-place shear wall structure model and the prestressed shear wall structure model, the findings revealed that compared with the cast-in-place shear wall structure, the prestressed shear wall structure can reduce seismic response by approximately 90% and effectively reduce the earthquake effect.