Actual seismic weak links of rural houses were analyzed to understand the seismic performance of rural houses in the southeastern region of Gansu Province to improve their seismic capacity scientifically and reasonably. Combined with local survey data，various attribute data of rural houses in the study area were obtained through field survey，and main structural types，distribution characteristics，and proportion of rural houses were divided. The seismic performances of different types of rural structures were evaluated，and their weak seismic links and potential hazards were also analyzed. Results show five typical types of building structures in the study area: civil structure, brick-wood structure, brick-concrete structure, wood frame structure, and cave; most of these structures are the first three types. Among them, the seismic performance of newly-built brick-concrete and brick-wood structures with seismic construction measures is the best, followed by a wood frame, old brick-concrete, and brick-wood structures. The seismic performance of civil structures and caves is the worst. The research results have scientific reference value for improving the seismic fortification level of rural houses in southeastern Gansu and other regions.