In previous studies, evaluations of earthquake damage and anti-destruction ability of concrete high-rise buildings based on the static nonlinear evaluation method and structural damage assessment model do not consider the damage development of structures under an earthquake; thus, the evaluation results often differ from reality. Therefore, this paper proposes an evaluation method of earthquake damage and anti-destruction ability of concrete high-rise buildings based on component performance. By using the strength and ductility method, the performance of concrete high-rise buildings under strong earthquakes can be exactly described based on the strength and deformation of the building. Based on the structure performance and the analysis of the collapse limit state of high-rise buildings subjected to various seismic waves, the collapse resistant capacity ratio of structure is set up with the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method. According to the ratio, the evaluation process of earthquake damage and the anti-destruction ability of concrete high-rise buildings based on component performance can be obtained. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can be used to exactly describe the earthquake damage and anti-destruction ability of concrete high-rise buildings.