Earthquake Engineering

• Research status on the dynamic shear modulusand damping ratio of saturated clay

  CAI Run, WANG Lanmin, GUO Peng, PENG Tao, WANG Qian

  2026,48(1):1-14, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240222006

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  Abstract:

  With the development of offshore wind power and oil-gas operations, the evaluation of the dynamic stability of marine foundation sites using the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay has become critical. Recent research has achieved substantial advances in this domain. This study systematically reviews global research on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay through consolidation and analysis of prior works. Laboratory testing methods, influencing factors and behavioral patterns, and prediction models are highlighted. Comparative analyses are performed to determine the effects of cyclic tensile stress states and different cyclic stress paths on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay. Neural networks are employed to consolidate existing findings. This review provides a strategic direction for future studies on the dynamic stability assessment of marine foundation sites.

• Hysteretic behavior and restoring force modeling of geopolymer recycledbrick aggregate concrete-filled circular steel tube columns

  YAN Guiyun, HUANG Lihang, XU Li, LIU Xiancheng, XU Liwei

  2026,48(1):15-24, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240611001

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  Abstract:

  To comprehensively utilize construction waste bricks and industrial byproducts, a geopolymer recycled brick aggregate concrete-filled circular steel tube (GRBCFT) column is proposed. Four GRBCFT column specimens were subjected to cyclic lateral loading tests, varying brick aggregate replacement ratios and steel tube thicknesses as experimental parameters. These tests were followed by a parametric analysis using the finite element method. The results indicate that (1) GRBCFT columns failed in a compression-flexure mode, characterized by steel tube buckling at the base and crushing of the geopolymer recycled brick aggregate concrete; (2) specimens exhibited favorable deformation capacity, with ultimate drift ratios ranging between 4.5% and 6.1%; (3) the brick aggregate replacement ratio had limited impact on the lateral bearing capacity, with an increase from 30% to 70% causing only a 5.3% reduction in peak lateral bearing capacity; and (4) lateral bearing capacity and ductility decreased rapidly when the axial compression ratio exceeded 0.4. A restoring force model describing the relationship between lateral load and drift ratio was developed based on experimental and numerical results, accurately predicting the hysteretic behavior of GRBCFT columns under lateral loading.

• Collapse resistance capacity of isolation systemsfor prefabricated framed structures

  WU Zhongtie, FAN Pingping, LI Yang, WU Wei, HUANG Yalong

  2026,48(1):25-35, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250312003

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  An investigation was conducted to ascertain the collapse resistance capacity of the seismic isolation system of prefabricated frame structures (ISPFS). To this end, a representative ISPFS model was designed using PKPM software. A corresponding finite element model was established using ETABS software, and incremental dynamic analysis was conducted. The structural vulnerability characteristics were studied by obtaining fragility curves under four performance levels with inter-story drift as the damage index. The collapse resistance capacity was evaluated using the collapse margin ratio (CMR). The results demonstrate that the ISPFS exhibits three primary failure modes: superstructure failure, rubber bearing failure, and isolation pier (column) failure, with the latter being the dominant collapse mode. The study's findings underscore the critical importance of effectively managing rubber bearing damage in enhancing the system's overall collapse resistance. In the context of rare seismic events, the structure demonstrates a CMR of 3.7, which meets the recommended requirement of 2.7 for structural collapse safety. Additionally, it exhibits exceptional resilience to seismic events, maintaining its structural integrity during rare seismic events.maintains excellent collapse resistance capacity under extremely rare earthquakes.

• Numerical simulation study on segment removal in tunnel-first and station-later construction based on HSS and Mohr-Coulomb models

  RUAN Yongfen, MA Jujun, XU Qiang, LIANG Longyuan, YANG Xingyu, ZHANG Jinchun, GUO Yuhang

  2026,48(1):36-47, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20230313004

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  Abstract:

  Strict deformation control of foundation pit enclosure structures is critical in complex surrounding environments, as excessive deformation seriously affects the stability and safety of adjacent buildings and infrastructure. For tunnel-first and station-later (TFSL) metro foundation pit excavations involving shield segment removal, rational removal methods can effectively reduce the deformation of the foundation pit and ensure the safety of surrounding important buildings. No prior studies have reported the application of the sand-blowing and grouting backfill method for segment removal in TFSL foundation pits. A three-dimensional numerical model for a TFSL foundation pit in Kunming was developed using PLAXIS 3D finite element software. The numerical simulation results based on the hardening soil with small strain stiffness (HSS) and Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) models were compared with the field monitoring data. Results indicate that the proposed method for segment removal substantially reduces deformation in the enclosure structures, surrounding buildings, and ground. The critical deformation stages of the enclosure structures and surrounding buildings occur during soil excavation and segment removal within the shield tunnel range. Deformation results simulated through the HSS model closely match the monitoring data, while those from the M-C model show notable deviations or even contradictory trends, demonstrating the superior practicality of the HSS model for deformation analysis in deep foundation pits under complex conditions.

• Shear behavior of Pisha sandstone-concrete interface based on cyclic shear tests

  LIU Wei, LIU Qingpeng, YAN Xiaoyu, SUN Xinran

  2026,48(1):48-58, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240530002

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  To investigate the influence of dynamic loads on the shear behavior of the Pisha sandstone-concrete interface, field investigations were carried out on numerous wind turbines and bridges in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The investigations provided data on the layout and embedment depth of concrete piles. Based on these data, shear tests were conducted in the laboratory using a dynamic direct shear apparatus to induce dynamic loading conditions. The effects of load cycle number, shear displacement amplitude, and initial normal load on the shear behavior of the interface were analyzed. Results indicate that as the number of cyclic shear cycles increases, the peak shear stress, dynamic shear stiffness, and damping ratio at the interface undergo a gradual decline. A comparison of the peak shear stresses following the 1st and 30th cycles indicates that the maximum decrease in peak shear stress (41.7%) occurs under an initial normal load of 200 kPa and a displacement amplitude of 2 mm. Conversely, the smallest decrease in peak shear stress (18.5%) is observed under an initial normal load of 50 kPa and a displacement amplitude of 5 mm. Under identical loading conditions, the hysteretic curves of shear stress versus shear displacement exhibit similar characteristics. As the load increases, the normal displacement gradually increases, reaching a maximum value of 1.912 mm at an initial normal load of 400 kPa and a shear displacement amplitude of 5 mm. The soil samples demonstrate a phenomenon of shear shrinkage during the process of shearing, accompanied by a progressive reduction in peak shear stress. The findings can be used to predict the deformation trends of bridges and wind turbines during long-term operation and provide important technical support for ensuring the safe operation of such structures in the Pisha sandstone distribution area of Ordos.

• Influencing factors of moisture migration in conglomerategrottoes under arid environmental conditions

  WANG Yanwu, WANG Xuezhi, GUO Qinglin, ZHAO Tengyuan, ZHU Yu, PEI Qiangqiang, ZHANG Yanfang

  2026,48(1):59-69, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250331002

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  Abstract:

  The deterioration of murals, sculptures, and cliff bodies in cave temples caused by moisture migration remains a significant challenge in the field of grotto conservation. Taking the Yulin Grottoes, situated in an arid environment, as an example, this study examines the occurrence of moisture on the dome of Cave 6 during rainfall, despite the implementation of measures to prevent direct infiltration of precipitation. Samples from the grotto excavation stratum were collected to conduct moisture migration simulation experiments under the influence of rainfall, temperature, and air pressure. The relationship between environmental factors and the moisture content of the grotto surrounding rock was analyzed in conjunction with field monitoring data to identify the primary factors influencing moisture migration in conglomerate grottoes in arid environments. The findings suggest that air pressure, precipitation, and temperature are the predominant factors influencing moisture migration within the surrounding rock formations of the Yulin Grottoes. The migration rate of moisture in conglomerate samples exhibited a positive correlation with the gradient of external environmental conditions and a negative correlation with the distance from the loading position. Additionally, pore air pressure has been demonstrated to play a significant role in driving moisture migration in the surrounding rock of conglomerate grottoes during rainfall events. The findings provide a scientific basis for managing water-related hazards at the Yulin Grottoes and offer references for the conservation of similar cave temples.

• Optimization of preventive conservation measuresfor Cave 87 of the Mogao Grottoes based onmicroclimate characteristics

  ZHANG Yanjie, GUO Qinglin, WANG Yajun, ZHANG Zhengmo

  2026,48(1):70-79, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240528003

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  The objective of this study was to establish a scientific schedule for cave investigation and maintenance that would minimize microclimate fluctuations induced by door openings. To this end, the microenvironment inside and outside Cave 87, a small basal-level cave in the Mogao Grottoes, was monitored and analyzed. The present study systematically analyzed the variation characteristics of the temperature (T), the relative humidity (RH), and the absolute humidity (AH) inside and outside the cave, along with their differentials. The identification of convective patterns between indoor and outdoor air in different seasons and the corresponding moisture absorption-desorption models of the wall paintings was achieved through curve fitting and equation solving for the temperature and RH differences between the interior and exterior. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted into annual variations in dew point temperature. A mixed linear model for the comparison of interior and exterior temperature was developed, indicating that for every 1 ℃ increase in external temperature, there is an increase of 0.395 ℃ in the internal temperature. The extreme and zero-value dates of temperature and humidity differences between the interior and exterior were determined. The findings indicate that the optimal periods for cave investigation and maintenance are March, April, September, and October. Conversely, opening the door during winter and summer increases the risk of moisture condensation inside the cave. These findings offer significant insights for the preventive conservation of wall paintings in Cave 87 and provide theoretical support for the optimization of protection strategies in analogous caves.

• Vibration effect of heavy-duty vehicles passing through rumblestrips and their associated impact on civil buildings

  QIAO Xiong, WANG Sen, LIU Jinlong, FENG Yong, ZHU Xiaoming

  2026,48(1):80-90, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240102001

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  To investigate the vibration effects induced by heavy-duty vehicles passing through rumble strips and their influence on adjacent civil buildings, this paper combines theoretical analysis, field measurement, and numerical simulation. A civil building adjacent to the Baiyin section of National Highway 308 in China was selected as the research object. The results indicate the following: First, when a heavy-duty vehicle passes through rumble strips at a speed of 30 km/h, the vibration propagation velocity at the building foundation reaches 0.178 cm/s, exceeding the safety threshold specified in the standard (0.177 cm/s). Second, a comparative analysis of the impact of traffic volume on surrounding civil buildings reveals that, as traffic volume increases, the vehicle-induced vibration propagation velocity also increases. Third, the field-measured vibration propagation patterns align with theoretical predictions, showing the velocity reduction with distance. Fourth, frequency-domain analysis reveals that the vibration frequency is primarily concentrated within 0-50 Hz, with the frequency corresponding to the maximum vibration propagation velocity concentrated within 10-20 Hz, closely matching the vehicle-induced vibration propagation frequency of basic particles. Finally, based on the research results and relevant specifications, it is recommended to limit heavy-duty vehicle speeds to below 30 km/h to mitigate the vibration impact on civil buildings.

• Application of site effects and a Bayesian network in seismicresilience assessment of urban road traffic systems

  BAOYINTU, YAO Te, XU Maochen, Narenmandula, WANG Pengxiang

  2026,48(1):91-102, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250526001

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  This study investigates the influence of site effects on damage to buildings during earthquakes and analyzes the impact of collapsed street-front buildings on road network connectivity. First, a method for calculating site vulnerability (K value) using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of microtremors is introduced. By collecting K values and building damage data from earthquakes worldwide, an empirical relationship between post-earthquake site vulnerability (K value) and the probability of severe damage to buildings is established. Second, the probability of severe damage to buildings is converted into the probability of consequential road blockage, deriving a correlation between the K value and the probability of post-earthquake road network connectivity. A Bayesian network model incorporating four functional systems for urban seismic resilience is constructed, with the probability of road network connectivity serving as prior information. Finally, resilience indices for individual nodes and the entire urban road traffic system are calculated. Taking the Saihan District of Hohhot City as an example, microtremor observations were conducted along 41 road sections. HVSR curves derived from the recordings were used to calculate site vulnerability (K value), from which the probability of road damage was derived. The Bayesian network was then employed to compute the seismic resilience indices of the four functional systems and the overall urban road traffic system. Results indicate that the rescue system exhibits a resilience index of 51.8, and the gathering area transfer system 38.6, reflecting high seismic resilience. In contrast, the medical assistance system has a seismic resilience index of 24.7, and the material transportation system 30.3, which suggests a relatively weaker seismic capacity in these two systems. The overall seismic resilience index of the urban road traffic system is 7.69, which suggests a need for enhancement of regional seismic resilience. This method is crucial for assessing the seismic resilience of urban road networks and can provide important reference points for enhancing the seismic resilience capacity of urban infrastructure.

• Influence of plate-type TMD on structural vibration controlconsidering the dynamic characteristics of fire water tanks

  LIU Jie, DOU Jiawei, FENG Zhaowei, HUANG Jianfei

  2026,48(1):103-113, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240525001

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  Advancements in structural vibration reduction technology have rendered its implementation in both new and retrofitted engineering structures more viable. In particular, plate-type tuned mass dampers (TMDs) offer advantages such as easy installation, space efficiency, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. This study installs multiple plate-type TMDs on the top floor slab of a building equipped with a fire water tank to investigate the efficacy of structural vibration control. Employing a foundation in dynamic theory and finite element analysis using SAP2000, the influence of individual TMD parameters on vibration reduction is initially examined. Subsequently, a single TMD was dispersed to study the vibration control effect of multiple plate-type TMDs. The findings indicate that the proposed method effectively utilizes the dynamic characteristics of both the plate-type TMDs and the fire water tank during seismic events, thereby significantly reducing structural vibration with minimal modification to the original structure and the fire water tank. This study proposes a novel solution for enhancing the seismic resistance of new and existing structures through the implementation of vibration control design.

• Numerical study on the dynamic soil-structure interactionof utility tunnels in liquefiable sites

  FAN Zexu, YUAN Yong

  2026,48(1):114-122, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241226002

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  This study employed an advanced elastoplastic constitutive model for sandy soil and fluid-solid coupling elements in ABAQUS to investigate the dynamic responses of soil-utility tunnel systems during seismic-induced liquefaction. By comparing the results of a free-field model, a single-tunnel-soil model, and twin-tunnel-soil models with simplified ground and input conditions, this study investigated the effects of soil-structure interaction and structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) on the development of liquefied zones and the impacts of tunnel spacing on the structural internal forces and displacement responses. Results indicate that the SSSI between adjacent tunnels significantly affects the dynamic responses of the structures and surrounding soil during liquefaction. When the spacing between adjacent tunnels is relatively small, the dynamic internal forces of the tunnels during liquefaction significantly increase compared with those in the absence of adjacent tunnels. In addition, the uplift and rotational displacements are high for adjacent twin tunnels. The amplification effects of internal forces and displacements caused by SSSI gradually diminish as the tunnel spacing increases. In the seismic design of utility tunnels accounting for liquefaction, the SSSI effects should be carefully considered if adjacent tunnels or other underground structures are present to avoid the underestimation of structural responses and corresponding safety risks.

• Influencing factor analysis of seismic damage simulationand fragility assessment based on simplified models

  WANG Yawei, WANG Decai, CAO Junfeng, JIANG Qing

  2026,48(1):123-136, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240411004

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  Simplified structural models are primarily adopted for simulation analysis and evaluation to improve the efficiency of urban seismic damage simulation. This study selects typical urban buildings for a comparative analysis of differences in seismic damage simulation results between shear models and flexural-shear models to reduce computational workload in large-scale urban building simulation. A simplified model is adopted to investigate the impacts of three fundamental building attributes—floor area, construction era, and number of stories—on seismic damage simulation and vulnerability assessment results. Buildings are rationally classified according to the influence degree of each factor. Results are as follows: (1) When only damage levels are considered, the results from shear and flexural-shear models are nearly identical. (2) The influence of the three factors on simulation and vulnerability results is in the following order: number of stories ＞ construction era ＞ floor area. (3) Buildings with identical conditions but differing floor areas can be grouped as similar structural types. (4) The influence of the construction era can be disregarded in preliminary seismic damage assessments. Validation results through a regional case confirm that omitting the floor area has no significant impact on the results and even enhances computational efficiency.

• Numerical analysis of seismic performance of composite shearwalls reinforced with embedded steel plates between panels

  XIA Chuju, WANG Fuming

  2026,48(1):137-144, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240303002

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  To further enhance the connection performance of prefabricated composite shear walls from a structural perspective and improve the construction quality and seismic performance of traditional composite shear walls, a new type of composite shear wall reinforced with embedded steel plates between panels is proposed. Following the validation of the rationality of the finite element modeling approach, pushover simulations were conducted on a traditional double-sided composite shear wall (SW1) and two double-sided composite shear walls with embedded steel plates between panels (SW2 and SW3). A comparative analysis was conducted of the pushover curves and displacement ductility of each shear wall, and the influence of different structural configurations on seismic performance was investigated. Subsequently, SW2 was selected for further simulation analysis under different parameters. The findings suggest that the newly developed composite shear walls exhibit a significant improvement in bearing capacity in comparison to conventional designs. Of these, SW3, with its distinctive configuration of concealed steel bracing, exhibits a substantial enhancement in bearing capacity, showing an approximate increase of 19% compared to SW1. The two new composite shear walls demonstrated comparable displacement ductility, suggesting that modifying the arrangement of steel plates does not enhance the deformation capacity of the walls when the steel content remains constant. When the axial compression ratio and the steel content increase within a specified range, the bearing capacity of the new composite walls is enhanced; however, their ductility is concomitantly diminished.

Earthquake Research

• Research progress on input parameter models for stochastic finite-fault ground motion simulation

  DANG Pengfei, CUI Jie, LIU Qifang

  2026,48(1):145-156, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250311002

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  Strong ground motions are influenced by multiple factors, such as the seismic source, propagation path, and local site conditions. However, existing ground motion parameter models developed from large-scale regional observation records often lead to parameter inconsistency, increased uncertainty, or insufficient accuracy when applying the stochastic finite-fault method to simulate near-field destructive ground motion fields. This is due to the insufficient consideration of regional characteristics in parameter modeling. This paper outlines several aspects requiring further research in near-field high-frequency ground motion simulation technology and systematically reviews the progress and unresolved problems in related ground motion model parameters from four perspectives: geometric scale and slip distribution of the source fault, geometric spreading and anelastic attenuation of ground motions, high-frequency attenuation parameter of the source spectrum, and local site effects. According to strong motion observation records, the investigation of statistical patterns, intrinsic relationships, and interaction mechanisms of ground motion model parameters in small-scale regions and the development of refined simulation methods for ground motion fields are of practical significance for assessing the reliability of simulation results. Furthermore, this research holds academic value and provides engineering guidance for postdisaster reconstruction, emergency response, structural dynamic analysis, and seismic design while offering insights for earthquake-based probabilistic seismic demand analysis of structures.

• “Dual-high” seismic processing technology and its applicationbased on ultra-high-sensitivity geophones

  LU Mingde, WANG Chaoyong, MIAO Zhewei, YUAN Anlong, YU Hongxue, GAO Dacheng, DONG Wenbo

  2026,48(1):157-165, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241016001

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  Seismic data from desert and loess tableland areas often suffer from poor resolution and inferior imaging quality due to unfavorable source excitation conditions, strong noise interference, and severe high-frequency signal absorption and attenuation. To address this, a GT DS-5 Hz3×1 triple-core ultra-high sensitivity geophone was developed to capture high-frequency seismic signals. This was complemented by prestack processing techniques, including high-fidelity noise suppression, near-surface Q-absorption compensation, robust deconvolution, and Q-migration, forming an integrated “dual-high” (high-fidelity and high-resolution) seismic data processing system. When this technology was applied in the loess tableland area of the southern Ordos Basin, the data acquired using the GT DS-5 Hz3×1 geophone exhibited sharper responses at wave peaks and troughs, higher sensitivity, and enhanced identification capability for weak high-frequency reflections (the dominant frequency increased by ~3 Hz), leading to improved imaging. Combined with the high-fidelity, high-resolution processing workflow, frequency-division noise suppression was optimized, amplifying weak high-frequency signals and producing clearer reflection events, along with an expanded dominant frequency and effective bandwidth (dominant frequency increased by ~12 Hz). Ultimately, high-quality seismic data were obtained, providing effective technical support for exploration in complex near-surface terrains.

• Seismic disaster risk in the Chongqing sectionof the Huayingshan fault zone

  QIN Juan, HUANG Yaosheng, WANG Zanjun, DONG Di, WANG Hongchao

  2026,48(1):166-176, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250424001

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  To comprehensively assess the baseline seismic disaster risk in the Chongqing section of the Huayingshan fault zone, a methodology combining quantitative evaluation and qualitative indicator system assessment was applied to seven districts traversed by the fault zone. Building inventory and population distribution data were used to estimate economic losses and casualties under seismic events of varying exceedance probabilities. Subsequently, according to regional characteristics, the analytic hierarchy process determined the weight coefficients of single-factor indicators influencing seismic disaster consequences. Disaster reduction capacity indicators were integrated across different administrative districts to delineate seismic risk zones. Rongchang District exhibited the highest seismic vulnerability, followed by Hechuan, Yongchuan, Tongliang, Beibei, Bishan, and Dazu Districts. Hechuan District presented the highest seismic risk level, followed by Bishan, Beibei, Yongchuan, Rongchang, Tongliang, and Dazu Districts. These findings provide critical data to guide local governments in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, enhancing engineering seismic measures, and optimizing emergency preparedness.

• Detection effect of microtremor arrays under different noise source distributions

  LI Chuanjin, DING Haodong, JIAN Xiang, ZHENG Tao, WANG Qiang

  2026,48(1):177-186, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240415001

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  This study performs both field tests and numerical simulations to investigate the detection effect of microtremor arrays under different noise source distributions. Field tests are conducted to compare the detection effects of different arrays in the presence and absence of obvious noise sources. A numerical analysis is conducted to simulate the different noise source distribution conditions and evaluate the corresponding detection effects of the different arrays. The results indicate the following observations: (1) for the circular and triangular arrays, accurate dispersion curves can be extracted, even when obvious noise sources exist near the site, earning these arrays priority in microtremor surveys; (2) for the cross-shaped arrays, accurate dispersion curves can be obtained in the absence of obvious noise sources; however, their results are affected when there are noise sources; therefore, the usage of the cross-shaped arrays must be determined based on the ambient noise conditions and the surface characteristics around the site; and (3) for the linear arrays, different orientations may lead to varying exploration results; hence, they must be used with caution in microtremor surveys. In conclusion, different noise source distributions have significant effects on the microtremor exploration results; thus, the appropriate array types must be selected according to the noise source distribution. It is suggested that circular and triangular arrays must be prioritized; cross-shaped arrays must be utilized depending on the situation; and linear arrays must be used cautiously.

• Shaking table test on the dynamic response of loess tunnel portal sections

  HU Wenge, YAO Hui, FU Qi, FENG Yong, WANG Lili

  2026,48(1):187-196, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250725001

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  Based on shaking table tests and multi-index analysis incorporating Arias intensity and wavelet packet energy spectrum, this study elucidates the seismic damage mechanisms and failure patterns in loess tunnel portal sections. Results indicate that the tunnel portal section constitutes as a typical zone of energy concentration and structural vulnerability, specifically manifested in the crown at depths of 3.8d-5.2d (where d denotes the tunnel diameter), the portal area, and the invert within 1.5d-3d. These regions are characterized as high-intensity areas in Arias intensity cloud map and are prone to failures such as crown collapse, horizontal deformation, or invert heave. The damage evolution process exhibits distinct stage-specific characteristics. When the structure enters the irreversible plastic damage stage, spatial abrupt change and sharp increase in Arias intensity values occur, accompanied by a significant rise in the proportion of low-frequency energy (E1) in the wavelet packet energy spectrum, indicating that low-frequency energy dominates structural failure and that a significant seismic amplification effect exists in the portal section. Furthermore, complex interactions occur between the tunnel structure and the surrounding soil. The tunnel stiffness alters the dynamic response and stress field of adjacent soil, but this constraining effect gradually diminishes as soil damage accumulates, thereby exacerbating dynamic instability. The findings provide critical insights for the seismic design of tunnel portal sections, particularly in handling stiffness transition zones and formulating frequency-domain design criteria.

• Variation characteristics of the geoelectric field before and after the Jishishan M_S6.2 and Wushi M_S7.1 earthquakes

  FAN Yingying, AN Zhanghui, WU You, LIN Yi

  2026,48(1):197-204, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240801002

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  Using geoelectric field observation data from stations around the epicenters of the Jishishan M_S .2 and Wushi M_S .1 earthquakes, this study investigates variations in the energy spectral values of the geoelectric field before and after these earthquakes. The results indicate the following: (1) Before the Jishishan M_S .2 earthquake, significant increases in the energy spectral values of the low-frequency components of the geoelectric field were observed at the Wushengyi, Songshan, and Pingliang stations. (2) Before the Wushi M_S .1 earthquake, distinct variations characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease in the low-frequency energy spectral values were recorded at the Wushi, Wenquan, and Urumqi stations. (3) Preliminary analysis suggests that these observed anomalies were primarily caused by low-frequency electromagnetic radiation generated during focal source preparation and propagation to the stations. However, deformation of subsurface media in the observation areas may also excite low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in local regions—a factor that should not be overlooked.

• Seismic fragility analysis of connected structures under mainshock-aftershock sequences

  JIANG Zhijun, ZHONG Rongqiang, ZHANG Lei, WEI Chunming, LI Shengcai, ZHANG He, XU Chenghao

  2026,48(1):205-216, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240206002

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  Aftershocks following the mainshock frequently induce secondary structural damage. Although connected buildings feature distinctive configurations with complex force-transfer mechanisms under seismic loads, they are designed without considering aftershock effects. This study employs incremental dynamic analysis to investigate the seismic fragility of a connected structure under a mainshock and mainshock-aftershock sequences. Fragility differences are compared, and the impact of artificial mainshock-aftershock sequences constructed by different methods on the seismic fragility of the structure is analyzed. Results demonstrate that the fragility curves of the structure under mainshock-aftershock sequences lie above those under an isolated mainshock. Aftershocks increase the exceedance probabilities of limit states by average increments of 4.15%, 6.12%, and 4.9% under frequent, fortification, and rare earthquakes, respectively. The fragility of the structure differs across various types of mainshock-aftershock sequences. The fragility under the artificial mainshock-aftershock constructed by the decay method is closest to that under natural mainshock-aftershock and exhibits the smallest exceedance probability. By contrast, the structure under the mainshock-aftershock constructed by the repetition-based method shows the largest exceedance probability. The average differences between the maximum and minimum exceedance probabilities are 3.9%, 5.32%, and 4.06% under frequent, fortification, and rare earthquake intensity levels, respectively. Artificial mainshock-aftershock sequences exhibit greater damage potential than natural sequences, with those constructed by the repetition-based method demonstrating the most significant destructive effects. Under mainshock-aftershock sequences, the connected structure largely meets the seismic fortification objectives. However, the detrimental effects of aftershocks must still be appropriately considered in future designs.

• Tectonic stress environment of the earthquake swarm activity in Shanxi Reservoir, Zhejiang Province

  WANG Ganjiao, SHENG Shuzhong, XIAO Jian, LI Xiaoxue, LI Minjuan, GUO Yufan, LI Qingwu, DONG Jun, ZHA Xiaohui, ZENG Wenjing

  2026,48(1):217-227, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241028001

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  The earthquake swarm activity in the Shanxi Reservoir, Zhejiang Province, in September 2014 has attracted widespread attention. However, the understanding of its tectonic stress environment remains controversial. Therefore, using earthquake catalogs and phase observation reports for Shanxi Reservoir from September 2014 to April 2015, this study calculated the b-value of the earthquake swarm, performed precise relocation using the double-difference relocation method, and analyzed the seismogenic structure and genetic mechanism of the swarm activity by combining focal mechanism solutions and stress field inversion results. This research indicates the following: (1) The spatial distribution of relocated hypocenters and the statistical analysis of nodal planes from focal mechanism solutions both revealed distinct NW—SE-trending high-angle tectonic features, consistent with the structural characteristics of the third branch fault of the Shuangxi—Jiaoxiyang fault. (2) The b-value of the earthquake swarm was 0.76, reflecting reservoir-induced seismic characteristics with small magnitude and high frequency. Most focal mechanism solutions of M_L 3.0 earthquakes in the swarm were of the strike-slip type, consistent with the tectonic features of the principal stress axes of the regional stress field obtained from small earthquake polarity inversion. Accordingly, this study concludes that the swarm represents a tectonic-reservoir-induced earthquake, resulting from mechanical instability of the third branch fault of the Shuangxi—Jiaoxiyang fault under the control of the regional stress field.

• Mechanism of earthquake-triggered instability of slopes across reverse faults based on the Hilbert-Huang transform

  HAN Xiangmei, FAN Xuanmei, XIA Mingyao, WEI Tao, ZHANG Xinxin, QI Shaojian

  2026,48(1):228-241, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250304002

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  Abstract:

  The “5·12” Wenchuan earthquake (2008) induced significant instabilities in rock slopes across faults. Existing studies have focused primarily on static faults or instantaneous seismic effects, yet a quantitative understanding of the dynamic coupling mechanism of energy transfer and slope response (particularly the dip angle effect) during progressive fault dislocation remains to be elucidated. This study utilizes large-scale shaking table model tests on 50° and 30° slopes across reverse faults to systematically investigate the spectral characteristics and energy evolution of slopes subjected to seismic action. Hilbert-Huang transform analysis is employed to analyze the data, with the objective of revealing the cumulative damage mechanism and instability failure pattern. Results indicate that the distribution of seismic energy exhibits a significant hanging wall/footwall effect, with differences more pronounced in the 50° slope than in the 30° slope. Increased dip angles in the hanging wall have been shown to lead to an elevated potential for failure, resulting in rapid localized instability. Fault dislocation has been observed to induce high-frequency responses and energy concentration in slope sections, thereby accelerating crack propagation. It has been demonstrated that steeper fault dip angles promote nonlinear deformation and amplify dynamic responses. Conversely, gentler dips facilitate more uniform energy transmission. Finally, the development of fractures in slopes is determined by the displacement of faults, the shearing forces that result from tectonic activity, and the compression that occurs in the overlying strata. This progression from shallow to deeper regions is a hallmark of seismic activity. The fault dip angle is a critical factor in the control of crack characteristics and the associated instability mechanisms. These findings offer novel perspectives and a scientific basis for the early warning and hazard mitigation of earthquake-induced landslides influenced by fault activity, thereby providing both theoretical and practical significance.

• An anomaly identification method for monitoring data from crustal deformation instruments based on the SIP-LOF algorithm

  FENG Xiaohan, YANG Jiang

  2026,48(1):242-250, DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241021001

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  This study proposes a data mining-based series important point-local outlier factor (SIP-LOF) algorithm to detect anomalous data from crustal deformation instruments. The primary objectives of this proposal are to improve the data availability rate of instruments and the efficiency of preliminary fault diagnosis by maintenance personnel. The initial observation sequence of deformation instruments is then separated into sub-sequences. The outlier distance and LOF of each point in the sequence are calculated, and the data point is identified as an outlier. This process enables the quantification of the anomaly degree of each data point. This approach facilitates the identification of anomalous events in precursor deformation observations, encompassing natural disturbances, equipment failures, and seismic precursors. The findings of the research demonstrate that, in comparison with conventional methods, the proposed method exhibits superior detection performance for precursor data from multiple stations, with a wider coverage of anomaly types. When the LOF threshold is set to 2.5, the average anomaly identification accuracy reaches its peak, which is of significant value for precursor data processing.

• Seismic response analysis method based on equivalent model of seimic isolation structure and simplified velocity pulse

  ZHOU Wei, LAI Zhengcong, JIANG Juncheng, zhangqiongxin, sunguangyu

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240322004

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  A simplified seismic isolation analysis method was proposed for the dynamic response of base-isolated structures subjected to near-fault pulse-like ground motions. This method established both a three-dimensional model and an equivalent model of the base-isolated structure with finite element software. Then, This method employed continuous wavelet transform for the screening and simplification of pulse-like ground motions, and made a comparison of the responses before and after the simplification of 10 pulse-like ground motions through dynamic time history analysis. Research demonstrate that the equivalent model accurately simulates the displacement and stress of isolation layer bearings observed in the three-dimensional model under ground motion. The time history characteristics of the first-order and tenth-order pulse components, as well as the features of response spectra in the long-period range, closely align with those of the original ground motion. Additionally, the results of time history analysis for simplified velocity pulses exhibit high accuracy and efficiency compared with the original ground motion. Therefore, the seismic isolation analysis method based on equivalent models and simplified velocity pulses proves to be effective in analyzing the dynamic response of engineering structures near fault zones.

• Simulation and Hazard Assessment of the South Lhonak Lake Lateral Moraine Landslide Using InSAR and Depth-Integrated Modeling

  YU Yang, LI Yongsheng, JIANG Wenliang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250428001

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  Abstract:

  Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are highly destructive natural disasters in high-mountain regions, and lateral moraine landslides are one of the primary triggers for such events. In October 2023, a lateralSmoraine landslide at South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim, India, led to a catastrophic GLOF, causing significant loss of life and property downstream. By integrating remote sensing interpretation, SBAS-InSAR, and depth-integrated methods, this study investigates the movement process and hazard assessment of the northern lateral moraine landslide at South Lhonak Lake, providing a scientific basis for early warning of landslide-induced GLOFs. The SLBL method was used to estimate the volume of the first landslide at approximately 14.42 million cubic meters. Numerical simulation results show that the maximum velocity of the first landslide reached about 32.5 m/s, with a maximum deposition thickness of about 80 meters. Post-disaster Sentinel-1A data was used to obtain the lateral moraine deformation, identifying a potential secondary landslide area with a volume similar to that of the first landslide, which is currently in a dynamic equilibrium state. However, this area poses a risk of secondary landslides under the influence of heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and other factors. Numerical simulation results indicate that the maximum velocity of the secondary landslide is lower than that of the first, however, the maximum value of the product of flow depth H and the square of flow velocity v (Hvvmax) at the point where the landslide material enters the lake is comparable to that of the first landslide. Due to the closer proximity of the secondary landslide to the terminal moraine and the greater water depth beneath it, the risk of triggering another GLOF remains significant. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters revealed that the basal friction coefficient and pore water pressure coefficient significantly affected the simulation results.

• Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of Seismic Capacity for Buildings in Haiyuan County, Ningxia

  sunjiaxin, douaixia, YU Sihan, lizirui, yanghuihui, 王建勇

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250701001

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  Building collapse due to earthquakes constitutes a major cause of casualties. Conducting scientific and systematic seismic performance assessments of buildings before an earthquake and formulating targeted earthquake prevention and disaster reduction measures can significantly mitigate life and property losses. To achieve large-scale analysis of building seismic capacity, this study primarily utilized remote sensing imagery as the main data source. Integrating this with field surveys and building information from the First National Natural Hazard Survey, a remote sensing-assisted building update method were debeloped to analyze the structural characteristics of building entities. This method successfully achieved the updating of fundamental building information in Haiyuan County, Ningxia. Based on this updated inventory, suitable structural vulnerability models for the study area were selected, and regional seismic capacity indices were constructed. These indices enabled the quantitative assessment of the comprehensive seismic capacity of regional buildings under different seismic intensity scenarios.The results indicatde that when Haiyuan County experiences a maximum seismic intensity of X (10) on the China Seismic Intensity Scale, none of its townships achieve complete seismic resistance. Specifically, 12 townships were characterized by the collapse of a minority of buildings, while 5 townships exhibited the collapse of some buildings. This research demonstrated that the remote sensing-assisted methodology for assessing regional comprehensive building seismic capacity presented in this paper offerred a novel technical approach for applications such as seismic disaster loss assessment, risk surveying, and risk zoning.

• Late Quaternary Activity Characteristics of the Southern Gonghe Nanshan Fault in Qinghai

  Chen Luyao, Yuan Daoyang, Li Hongqiang, Yao Yunsheng, Zhang Jianyu

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250717001

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  Abstract:

  The Gonghe Nanshan Fault is a major accommodating fault within the rhombic block located between the Qilian–Haiyuan Fault and the East Kunlun Fault on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. However, studies on the fault’s activity since the Late Quaternary remain limited. This study investigates the geometric distribution, activity timing, and vertical slip rate of the Gonghe Nanshan South Margin Fault, the largest fault within the Gonghe Nanshan fault system, through high-resolution satellite image interpretation, UAV aerial surveying, field geological and geomorphological investigations, and chronological analysis (1?C and OSL dating). The results show that the fault generally strikes NW–EW and is dominated by compressional thrusting. It has remained active throughout the Late Quaternary, with the latest movement on the western segment occurring in the late Late Pleistocene and significant activity on the central–eastern segment during the middle Holocene. Based on Topographic Profile analysis, the vertical slip rate of the fault is overall low and exhibits segmentation: (0.17 ± 0.06) mm/a on the western segment and (0.32 ± 0.15) mm/a on the central–eastern segment. These results indicate that uplift-related stress of the Gonghe Nanshan range is mainly concentrated near the central arc of the mountain. Combined with previous research and this study, it is inferred that the southeastern Gonghe Basin developed as a piggyback basin controlled by the Gonghe Nanshan thrust fault zone, which shares similar characteristics with the Qinghai Lake Basin.

• Restoring force model andparametric analysis of a novel horizontally universal damping amplification device

  HAN Mengfan, BAO Chao, BAI Pengcheng, DU Jiandong, CAO Jixing, MA Xiaotong, LU Jianning

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240823002

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  Abstract:

  A novel horizontal universal damping amplification device (HUDAD) was proposed based on the principle of leverage. The device’s structural design and operational mechanism are comprehensively detailed. A mathematical model for the restoring force of the HUDAD is derived, based on the principles of mechanical structures. To validate the amplification effect of the device and the accuracy of the restoring force model, a quasi-static test was conducted. Additionally, a finite element model was developed using ABAQUS for in-depth parameter analysis. The influences of parameters such as loading frequency, displacement direction, and displacement amplification factor on the energy consumption of the device were explored. The results demonstrated that HUDAD provided a significant displacement amplification effect and superior energy dissipation efficiency. Furthermore, the experimental hysteresis curves aligned well with the theoretical simulation results. The device exhibited obvious frequency-correlation, and the damping force increased as the loading frequency increased. The horizontal multi-directional energy-consumption performance of the device was verified through parameter analysis, with improving the efficiency of dampers.

• Comparative study of MODIS mid-infrared and thermal infrared channel satellite remote sensing data

  ZHANG Tie-bao

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250225001

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  Abstract:

  To better understand the characteristics of satellite remote sensing infrared data from different channels and enhance its application in earthquake monitoring and prediction, in this paper, a detailed comparative analysis of the middle infrared and thermal infrared channel data from 2004 to 2021, based on MODIS/Terra satellite infrared remote sensing data for the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas, was conducted from the perspectives of background field characteristics and seismic application effectiveness. The results indicate that the radiation values of both channels exhibit clear seasonal, latitudinal, and altitude-dependent patterns. Additionally, several differences were observed between the two channels: the radiation values of the thermal infrared channel are more strongly influenced by temperature than those of the middle infrared channel, with greater fluctuation amplitudes; and on the annual timescale, the middle infrared channel radiation values have a higher strong earthquake (M≥7.0) anomaly correspondence rate (78%) and a lower strong earthquake missed reporting rate (0%) in the middle eastern section of the Bayan Har block compared to the thermal infrared channel. The application effect of the middle infrared channel data for strong earthquakes is better than that of the thermal infrared channel. For the M≥7.0 strong earthquake annual-scale monitoring and prediction work in the middle and eastern section of the Bayan Har block, it is recommended to prioritize the middle infrared channel data.

• Seismic damage characteristics of buildings and quantitative assessment of the earthquake in Dingri County based on high-resolution remote sensing interpretation

  chenpeng, zhongxiumei, lichen, huxuefeng, wangqian

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250508001

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  Abstract:

  Abstract: An MS 6.8 earthquake occurred in Dingri County, Shigatse City, Xizang Province on January 7, 2025, causing extensive damage to buildings and significant casualties. To acquire rapid seismic damage information, building damage features from GF-2 satellite imagery in three representative townships within the high-intensity zones (intensity IX, VIII, and VII) are interpreted, including the Changsuo town, the Cuoguo town, and the Quluo town. A remote-sensing damage index is calculated based on analyzing the influencing factors. The results show that 1,435 buildings in the three towns are damaged to varying degrees, including complete collapse, partial collapse or damage, and essentially intact. Aging brick-timber structures and densely clustered self-built houses exhibited severe collapse, whereas newly constructed buildings demonstrated markedly superior seismic performance. In addition, building damage severity correlated positively with seismic intensity. The highest collapse proportions were observed in the intensity IX zone (Cuoguo town 27.90%, Changsuo town 26.20%), with remote-sensing damage indexes of 0.44 and 0.48, respectively. However, the remote-sensing damage indexes decreased substantially to 0.19 and 0.12 in the seismic intensity VIII and VII zones. Spatially, damaged buildings were concentrated along the Dengmocuo fault zone. A fitting relationship between the remote-sensing damage indexes and the distance from the fault was subsequently established. Additionally, the relationship between the damage ratio and earthquake intensity has been analyzed. The findings can enhance rapid earthquake-damage assessment capabilities and provide critical data support for emergency response and rescue decision-making.

• .Remote sensing classification method for building structural types considering spatial similarity: a case study of Weining County, Guizhou Province

  WANG Lin, WANG Xianteng, LIU Hao, ZHOU Yu, LI Xue

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250409001

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  Abstract:

  Building-structure type is a crucial indicator for assessing seismic performance. Traditional remote-sensing assessments of building seismic performance mainly exploit the visual features of individual buildings, while neglecting their spatial similarity. To enhance the classification accuracy of house structure types, this paper introduces a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) clustering method based on the spatial similarities of houses. First, the geometric attributes of each building are used to compute a Gestalt factor that quantifies visual distance. A Delaunay triangulation is then built to establish a neighborhood graph, and an MST is generated with the visual distance as the edge weight. By pruning the MST, clusters of buildings with high spatial proximity are obtained. Finally, a support-vector machine (SVM) classifies each cluster into one of four structural types—simple, brick-frame, and frame-shear-wall—using geometric, textural, height and spatial features. The classification of housing clusters is divided into three categories: simple houses, brick-concrete houses, and frame houses. This article conducted remote sensing classification experiments on building structure types in Weining County, Guizhou Province. Compared with the seismic resistance classification based on single family houses, the classification accuracy improved by more than 10%; The kappa coefficient has increased from 0.58 to 0.79. The experimental results indicate that the feasibility of introducing the MST clustering method.

• Resilience enhancement of industrial buildings with bent-frame structure based on seismic vulnerability analysis

  liutingbin, xiemiao, ma qiang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240813001

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  Abstract:

  A batch of reinforced concrete rack structure industrial buildings built in the 1950s still exists in large quantities in China, and some of the buildings still undertake important production tasks. The original design of these buildings has a low seismic defence standard, a long service life, and a high difficulty in toughness upgrading. In order to explore the effective method of toughness enhancement of existing reinforced concrete rack-structured industrial buildings under seismic action, a horizontal 3-span rack-structured factory building is selected as the research object, and two toughness enhancement methods are proposed, which are the addition of anti-flexural restraint bracing between columns (seismic damping) and seismic damping between columns and seismic isolation at the top of columns of the racks (integration of seismic damping and isolation). Twenty seismic waves were selected to carry out incremental dynamic analysis of the plant structure before and after toughness upgrading, and the effect of the two methods of damping and isolation integration on the toughness upgrading of industrial plants was evaluated by comparing the seismic vulnerability of the plant structure. The results show that both damping and compartmentalisation can effectively improve the seismic toughness of industrial buildings. For industrial building structures with damage to the substructure, damping is the most obvious method to improve the seismic toughness of the building structure, and for industrial building structures with obvious weak zones in the roof, it is more appropriate to use compartmentalisation.

• Analysis and Discussion on Emergency Action of the Space-based Platform for the Jishishan Earthquake on December 18, 2022

  Liqiang, Jiang Wenliang, Li Yongsheng, Jiao Qisong, Luo Yi, Jiang Hongbo, Zhang Jingfa

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250605001

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  Abstract:

  Earthquake disasters cause complex and diverse forms of damage, leading many researchers to adopt multi-source monitoring technologies for comprehensive analysis. However, despite the rapid deployment of ground rescue teams and air-based remote sensing platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), space-based remote sensing has not yet been effectively integrated with ground and air capabilities. This gap hinders the timeliness and applicability of space-based emergency responses, failing to meet the operational demands of disaster emergency management. On December 18, 2023, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, resulting in significant casualties. Following the event, space-based, air-based, and ground rescue teams promptly initiated emergency operations. This study uses the Jishishan earthquake as a case study to evaluate and compare the emergency response capabilities of ground rescue teams, air-based platforms, and space-based platforms. The acquisition process and image parameter characteristics of space-based remote sensing were analyzed in detail across different time phases. Furthermore, we applied space-based remote sensing data to several key tasks: extracting earthquake-damaged buildings, deriving InSAR deformation fields, assessing vehicle-based rescue efforts, and evaluating the distribution of emergency shelters and secondary disasters. Through comparative analysis, this study identifies several challenges in the emergency response of space-based platforms for major disasters. These include limited availability of resource planning and actual emergency needs, prolonged response chains, poor coordination between remote sensing support and frontline rescue demands, and the absence of an effective emergency product sharing mechanism. In response, targeted recommendations and countermeasures are proposed in areas such as satellite mission planning, data processing, and intelligent information extraction, with the goal of enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of space-based emergency operations.While space-based platforms hold significant potential for supporting post-earthquake responses, ongoing improvements are necessary in data timeliness, spatial coverage, resolution, and sharing mechanisms.

• Numerical simulation analysis of three-dimensional seismic response and instability failure mechanisms of loess hillock slopes

  lihaoyu, changchaoyu, qiaofeng, zhaoyunhui, bojingshan

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240904002

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  Abstract:

  As one of the typical forms of loess landforms, the complex response mechanism and potential failure mode of loess mound under the action of earthquakes have brought severe challenges to the prediction and prevention of earthquake disasters. Based on the relevant geological data of Xihaigu area, the generalized model of Huangtumao slope is established, and the ground motion of Jishishan is selected as the dynamic input. The three-dimensional seismic response and instability failure law of Huangtumao slope are systematically analyzed by using three-dimensional numerical simulation technology. The results show that the loess hill slope shows a unique dynamic response mode under the action of earthquake. Compared with the seismic intensity, the seismic spectrum has a greater impact on the slope response ; under the strong earthquake, the slope first appeared unilateral tensile sliding, and then developed into an arc sliding surface of the whole slope. The results provide data support and theoretical guidance for the seismic design of loess areas, which is helpful to formulate accurate slope stability evaluation standards and disaster prevention

• Mechanical behavior of beam-column joints with V-shaped steel replaceable energy-dissipating components

  Wu Rui, Kuang Xingchen, Ling Ru, Xie Ying

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240810001

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  Abstract:

  In recent years, resilient structures have gained widespread attention for their ability to withstand high-intensity seismic actions and rapidly restore functionality by replacing damaged components after earthquakes. The present paper proposes a novel dog-bone reduced beam section connection, incorporating V-shaped steel replaceable energy-dissipating components, and introduces its structural configuration and design concept. The finite element software ABAQUS was used to analyze the failure mode, stress, and strain distribution of the joint. This analyticalapproach was taken to reveal the failure mechanism, load transfer path, and energy-dissipation mechanism. On this basis, the influence of key design parameters (including thickness, material strength, and reduced dimensions) of V-shaped steel connectors and dog-bone reduced connections on the seismic performance of the joint was analyzed. The results indicate that (1) The integration of V-shaped steel replaceable energy-dissipating components, derived from traditional dog-bone replaceable joints, enables significant improvement of the energy-dissipation capacity and ductility of the joint. This configuration exhibits an equivalent viscous damping ratio ranging from 0.257 to 0.331. (2) The V-shaped steel connector undergoes significant plastic deformation during loading, thereby achieving the seismic design objectives of controlled damage and postearthquake replaceability. (3) The utilization of LY160 or Q235 steels is recommended for the design of dog-bone reduced connections and V-shaped steel connections. The thickness of dogbone reduced connections is advised to be 0.9-1.5 times the beam flange thickness, with dimensions of 25-30 mm. The thickness of V-shaped steel connectors is recommended to be 0.3-0.6 times the beam flange thickness.

• Theoretical investigation of Coulomb-Friction-Based residual displacement in seismic isolation systems

  lifafu, LI Yisheng, Wu Guoqiang, ZHANG Longfei, ZHANG Jian

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240729002

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  Abstract:

  The residual displacement magnitude is a vital indicator reflecting the self-centering ability of the seismic isolation layer and a key criterion for evaluating the post-earthquake normal functionality of main structural buildings.Earthquake damage surveys have shown that isolation bearings commonly experience residual displacement after seismic activities,leading to incomplete self-centering of the isolation layer.To elucidate the mechanism of residual displacement generation in the isolation layer,a free vibration decay dynamic model was established based on the Coulomb friction single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system and the bilinear hysteresis characteristics of the isolation layer.A simplified formula for calculating the maximum residual displacement was proposed and validated through rigorous numerical simulations, providing theoretical support for rationally assessing the self-centering capacity of the isolation layer. Results indicate that the distribution of residual displacement in the isolation layer is highly scattered, yet its maximum value can be ascertained.The influencing factors involve the nominal yield strength Qd, initial stiffness k0, post-yield stiffness k, and damping ratio ξ. The proposed simplified formula offers practical guidance for engineering design.

• Establishment and Non-linear Analysis of A Finite Element Model for Buried Pipelines Subject to Lateral Landslides

  JIA Xiao-hui, FU Changhua, LIU Aiwen

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240331001

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  Abstract:

  Buried oil and gas transmission pipeline engineering is a typical long-distance linear project,and landslide along the pipeline can cause threats and damage to its safe.The paper focuses on the large deformation response of pipelines in the landslide section,including perimeter.First,we construct the mechanical model of pipeline crossing lateral landslide.In the model,the factors,including landslide sliding,the angle between pipeline and landslide perimeter,the boundary conditions of the pipeline end,the interactions between pipe and soil are deeply considered.Then the key technologies of equivalent fault model and equivalent spring boundary are proposed and introduced.Based on the mechanical model and key technologies,a three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element model of buried pipeline crossing lateral landslide is established.In order to ensure the accuracy of the constructed model,case analysis and model verification is carried out.Next we finish a large number of numerical simulation studies,and possible failure modes of buried steel pipeline crossing transverse landslide body and sensitivity analysis of landslide characteristic parameters are deeply discussed.Calculation of pipeline inner force and distortion show that buried steel pipe will have failure modes such as tensile failure,buckling failure,lateral displacement and bending deformation.Maximum pipeline strain is positively correlated with landslide displacement and landslide angle,and it is not very sensitive to the change of landslide width.According to research findings,the angle between sliding direction of landslide perimeter and pipeline axis is an important influence factor.It is recommended to pay more attention to it and take it as 75°.In conclusion,this paper provides a finite-element analysis method for safe evaluation of pipeline under the lateral landslide,and gains a certain understanding of failure mode laws and large deformation influence mechanism of pipeline.

• Surface deformation characteristics constrained by land cover types in mining areas

  shishoujun, Yang Guolin, SU Xiaoning, MA Zhigang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250630003

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  To address the risks of surface subsidence induced by coal mining activities, this study develops an enhanced PS/DS-InSAR deformation monitoring approach that incorporates land cover type information to improve the adaptability of measurement point selection in complex surface environments and to ensure spatial completeness of deformation mapping. Taking the Dashuitou mining area as a case study, the method uses Sentinel-1 SAR imagery in combination with optical remote sensing–derived land cover classification to assign adaptive coherence thresholds for different surface types, optimizing the identification of distributed scatterers and integrating them with persistent scatterers to construct an interferometric network. This enables multi-temporal deformation time series inversion and subsidence rate mapping. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively increases measurement point density and improves the spatial continuity of the deformation field in subsidence funnels and high-gradient deformation zones, avoiding the data gaps typically found in low-coherence areas with conventional methods. By analyzing the spatial distribution of surface deformation over the monitoring period, the study identifies subsidence centers, boundary transition features, and deformation evolution patterns, providing technical support for detailed monitoring and mitigation of surface subsidence processes in coal mining areas.

• Spatiotemporal coupling analysis and dynamic early warning model of graphite tailings dam deformation based on SBAS-InSAR and CNN-LSTM

  LI Ruren­­, WANG Yue

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250625003

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  Abstract: As a high potential energy accumulation body, the graphite tailings dam exhibits a bimodal particle size distribution. Due to the mineral processing technology, resulting in complex internal stress conditions and failure mechanisms, with high and unpredictable landslide riskst.Therefore, this study proposes an intelligent monitoring and prediction model for graphite tailings dam deformation based on Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar（SBAS-InSAR）technology and convolutional long short-term memory network Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory（CNN-LSTM）is proposed.Firstly, SBAS-InSAR technology is used to process 24 SAR images from December 2019 to December 2021 to obtain the cumulative deformation and annual average deformation rate of the study area. By comparing the data of GNSS homonymous monitoring points on site and combining with the analysis of error evaluation index, the accuracy of InSAR monitoring is verified.Then, the correlation characteristics between rainfall and settlement are analyzed, and the periodic variation characteristics of settlement and rainfall are obtained,which reveals the internal mechanism of tailings dam deformation.Finally,the CNN-LSTM model is constructed,and the Long Short-term Memory（LSTM）and bidirectional recurrent neural network model ( BiGRU ) are introduced.The training and prediction results are evaluated using error metrics and loss functions.The results show that:（1）The top of the deformation of the tailings dam exhibits settlement, and the settlement of the slope vertex b is 189.74 mm. Settlement decreases outward from the top until it transitions to uplift at the slope toe, where points a and f experience uplifts of 13.8 mm and 26.8 mm, respectively;（2）The maximum absolute error between SBAS-InSAR technology and GNSS monitoring results is 4.67 mm, and the error distribution is uniform.SBAS-InSAR technology meets the accuracy requirements for graphite dam deformation monitoring.（3）Rainfall is the main influencing factor of tailings dam deformation. With the change of water content in graphite dam,the deformation exhibits periodic fluctuations.（4）A comparative analysis of three prediction models shows that the CNN–LSTM model achieves high curve fitting between the training and testing sets of the loss function, demonstrating effective training and superior performance in predicting graphite tailings deformation. Prediction error metrics across six feature points show a maximum root mean square error below 2.06 mm,a mean absolute error below 1.60 mm, and a maximum coefficient of determination is 0.89.Thus, this study can provide technical support for monitoring and early warning of graphite tailings disasters in northern regions.

• Research on Surface Deformation Characteristics of a Mining Area in Gansu Province Based on InSAR Technology of Lift Rail

  zhangyusheng, 尹, Qiujiangtao

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241022003

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  This study presents a detailed investigation of surface deformation characteristics in a mining area in Gansu Province using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology. Time-series deformation maps were generated by processing both ascending and descending orbit SAR data using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS-InSAR) technique. The results reveal distinct patterns of both localized and regional deformation, characterized by rapid and gradual displacement rates. The analysis shows that localized deformation is directly correlated with mining progression, resulting in vertical displacement rates exceeding 20 cm/year (with maximum rates reaching 24 cm/year). Between 2020 and 2024, three distinct phases of rapid deformation were identified. Notably, areas with frequent mining-induced seismic events correspond to zones of maximum deformation. These findings provide valuable scientific evidence for geological hazard early warning, mining subsidence monitoring, and environmental protection in the mining region. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of InSAR technology in monitoring mining-induced ground deformation and its potential applications in mining safety management.

• Experimental study on hysteretic behavior of X-type welded stud steel reinforced concrete columns under combined torsion

  chenyuliang, linzeyu, zhangshaosong, yepeihuan, yanfang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240702003

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  Abstract:

  To investigate the hysteretic performance of X-type welded stud steel-reinforced concrete (SSRC) columns subjected to combined torsion, quasi-static loading tests were conducted on 11 X-type SSRC columns and one staggered SSRC contrast column. The experimental data was analyzed to compare and assess the failure mode, hysteresis curve, inter-story displacement angle, ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the X-type SSRC columns. The analysis considered the effects of varying parameters such as torsion-bending ratio, axial compression ratio, cross-section steel ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, stirrup reinforcement ratio, and stud spacing. The test results revealed that cracks in SSRC columns subjected to combined torsion predominantly exhibited a spiral upward development. The ultimate failure mode was primarily governed by the stirrup ratio, resulting in either bending-torsion failure or pure torsion failure. The torque-torsion angle hysteresis curve exhibited a pinched, reverse "S" shape, while the bending moment-displacement hysteresis curve displayed a relatively full, fusiform shape. The axial compression ratio and torsion-bending ratio exerted the most significant influence on the seismic performance of the specimens. Increasing the section steel ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and stirrup reinforcement ratio generally enhanced seismic performance indicators, such as ductility and energy dissipation capacity. X-bolted specimens demonstrated superior comprehensive seismic performance compared to staggered specimens. Optimizing stud spacing by reducing it to an appropriate level can improve the seismic performance of the members; however, excessively sparse or dense stud spacing can negatively impact seismic performance.

• The Study on Influencing Factors of Moisture Transport in Conglomerate Grottoes under Arid Environment

  WangYanwu, Wang Xuezhi, Guo Qinglin, Zhao Tengyuan, Zhu Yu, Pei Qiangqiang, Zhang Yanfang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250331002

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  Abstract:

  Deterioration caused by water transport inside the cliff of rock-hewn sites is a long-term challenge to the conservation of wall paintings, sculptures, and the cliff of these precious remains. Yulin Grottoes, which is located in an arid area in Gansu Province, is also suffering similar threats, even the rainwater penetration has been successfully prevented, and the ceiling rock of Cave 6 always becomes patchily moist during rainfall events. We conducted simulated water transport experiments driven by rainfall, temperature, and air pressure, and analyzed the relationship between meteorological data and water content of ceiling rock based on monitoring data from Yulin Grottoes. The conglomerate specimen, which was used in the experiments, was collected from the Yulin area. This study aims to investigate the key influencing factors of water transport inside the surrounding rock of conglomerate grottoes in arid areas. Results show that: air pressure, temperature, and rainfall are the key factors affecting the moisture transport inside the cliff of Yulin Grottoes, and air pressure is the most dominant one. The moisture transport velocity inside the conglomerate specimens positively correlates with the increased gradient of loading factors and negatively correlates with the distance from the loading position. Meanwhile, pore air pressure plays a vital positive role in moisture transport inside the surrounding rocks of Yunlin Grottoes in arid areas during rainfall. This study offers a scientific basis for the prevention and control of water-related damages at Yulin Grottoes and serves as a reference for the conservation studies of similar rock-hewn sites.

• Disaster Simulation of the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake

  WU Jiajie, CHEN Wenkai, JIA Yijiao, SUN Yanping

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250106001

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  Abstract:

  This study focuses on simulating the disaster impact of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Utilizing a ground motion parameter attenuation model based on the shortest distance to the fault, it integrates records from different epicenters and magnitude intervals to simulate seismic intensity. A dual-model approach combined with multiple scenarios is employed to estimate casualties resulting from a recurrence of the earthquake, with simulation accuracy validated through comparison with historical seismic damage records. The results indicate that the intensity distribution calculated using the Lanzhou Earthquake Research Institute, China Earthquake Administration version of the Haiyuan earthquake epicenter location ang hypocenter depth combined with a magnitude of M_w8.3 aligns well with historical isoseismal lines, and the epicenter zone aligns with the direction of the surface rupture zone. The estimated casualties suggest that under current population density and economic conditions, if the earthquake were to recur, the death toll could still reach the 100,000 level, with the majority concentrated in areas with intensity levels of IX or higher. Insufficient seismic resistance of buildings in the epicenter zone, high population density, and secondary earthquake hazards are the primary factors contributing to casualties. Comprehensive measures such as avoiding active faults, enhancing building seismic standards, and optimizing emergency response plans are necessary to mitigate potential risks.

• Research progress on input parameter models for stochasti finite faul ground motion simulation

  dangpengfei, cuijie, liuqifang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20250311002

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  Abstract:

  Strong ground motion is influences by factors such as the seismic source, path, and local site conditions. At present, when using the stochastic finite fault method to simulate the ground motion filed of near-field destructive earthquakes, the ground motion parameter model established based on large-scale regional observation records may encounter problems such as inconsistent parameters, uncertain simulation results, or poor simulation accuracy may arise due to the lack of consideration of the regional characteristics of the parameter model. Several aspects that still need to be further studied in near-field high-frequency ground motion simulation technique were analyzed. The research progress of seismic model parameters and the problems to be addressed were elaborated from four aspects: the geometric dimensions and slip of rupture faults, the geometric propagation and viscoelastic attenuation of ground motion, the high-frequency attenuation parameters of source spectra, and local site amplification. Based on strong-motion observation records, the statistical laws, intrinsic relationships, and interaction mechanisms of parameters in small-scale regional ground motion models are revealed, and a refined simulation method for ground motion fields is established. These laws and methods have important practical significance for evaluating the correctness of ground motion results, as well as important academic value and engineering guidance for post-disaster reconstruction and rescue, structural dynamic analysis, and seismic design. They can also provide ideas for probabilistic seismic demand analysis of structures based on scenario earthquakes.

• Detection Technology and Application of Deep Buried Pipeline Across River Based on The Vertical Profile Method by The Blow Drilling

  XU Tao, YUAN Zhongming, PENG Gongxun, SHEN Xuzhang

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240118003

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  Abstract:

  Due to the large depth and weak signal of the trenchless construction method, it is difficult to accurately detect the pipeline on the water surface. Through practical research, by arranging detection points reasonably and fitting analysis of the results, the electromagnetic vertical section method can obtain the accurate spatial information of the target pipeline safely and effectively by using the blow drilling method. In this paper, the detection of a river crossing power pipeline in the Pearl River is taken as an example. Although the target pipeline signal cannot be acquired on the water surface, the electric cable buried more than 24 m still being detected with high precision by this method. The detection principle, implementation scheme and operation experience of this method can provide references for the detection of deep river crossing pipelines in navigable waters.

• Fragility study of connected structure under the mainshock-aftershock sequence

  Jiangzhijun, Zhongrongqiang, Zhang Lei, Weichunming, Lishengcai, Zhanghe, Xuchenghao

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240206002

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  Abstract:

  Aftershocks often occur after the mainshock, which may cause “secondary damage” to the structure. The structural form of the connected building is special, and the force transmission mechanism under the action of earthquake is complex, but the influence of aftershocks is not considered in the design. The incremental dynamic analysis is used to study the seismic fragility of a connected structure under the action of mainshock and mainshock-aftershock sequences. The difference of fragility under the action of mainshock and mainshocks-aftershock is discussed. The influence of artificial mainshock-aftershock sequences constructed by different construction methods on the fragility of connected structures is analyzed. The results show that the fragility curves of the structure under the action of the mainshock-aftershock sequence is obviously located above that under the action of the single mainshock. The aftershock further increases the exceedance probability of the mainshock-damaged structure in each limit state. Under the action of frequent, fortification and rare earthquakes, the average increase of exceedance probability is 4.15 %, 6.12 % and 4.9 %, respectively. The fragility of connected structures is different under various types of mainshock-aftershock sequences. The fragility based on attenuation method is the closest to that under natural mainshock-aftershock sequences, the exceedance probability of which is the smallest. The exceedance probability of structures under mainshock-aftershock sequences based on repetition method is the largest. The average difference between the maximum and minimum exceedance probabilities corresponding to frequent, fortification and rare earthquakes is 3.9 %, 5.32 % and 4.06 %, respectively. Compared with the natural mainshock-aftershocks, the artificial mainshock-aftershocks are more destructive, especially the artificial mainshock-aftershock sequence based on the repetition method. Under the action of the mainshock-aftershock sequence, the connected structure basically meets the seismic fortification target, but the adverse effects of aftershocks still need to be considered reasonably.

• Overview of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay

  CAI RUN, WANG LANMIN, PENG TAO, ZHAO DUOYIN, wang qian

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240222006

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  Abstract:

  With the development of marine wind power and oil and gas resources, the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay play an important role in the dynamic stability evaluation of marine clay foundation. A considerable amount of research on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay has been conducted in recent decades. This paper describes the history and major research achievements of the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay. It covers the laboratory test method,parameters that affect dynamic modulus and damping ratio and their influencing characteristics,and the prediction model of the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of saturated clay. Finally identifies the areas for further development.

• Seismic performance study of steel fiber reinforced concrete（SFRC）piers under compression- bending-shear-torsion coupling effect

  Song Chenning, Zhao Minchang, Zhang Zhi

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20240804001

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  Abstract:

  Compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC), a certain height of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) applied in the plastic hinge region at the bottom of piers can be used to enhance the seismic performance of the piers. To systematically study the mechanical behavior of SFRC piers under compression-bending-shear-torsion combined loadings, three pier specimens with a clear height of 1200 mm, a cross-sectional diameter of 300 mm, and a SFRC height of 300 mm in the plastic hinge region were designed and fabricated for quasi-static tests. The damage patterns and failure modes of the specimens were observed. On this basis, multiple numerical analysis models were established using ABAQUS software to study the effects of the torsion-bending ratio and SFRC height on the seismic performance of the piers. The results show that compression-bending-shear-torsion coupling effect reduced the bending and torsional capacities of the piers. The increasing in torsional effect causes the position of the plastic hinge to shift upward, resulting in more significant damage to the specimens. SFRC can effectively improve the displacement ductility factor of the piers, delay stiffness degradation, control concrete crack propagation, and enhance the damage tolerance, bending capacity, and torsional capacity under earthquake action. When the height of SFRC is about 600 mm, it can not only improve the seismic performance, but also reduce the construction cost and avoid material waste.

• Numerical Study on Soil-Structure Interaction of Utility Tunnels in Liquefiable Grounds

  FAN Zexu, YUAN Yong

  DOI: 10.20000/j.1000-0844.20241226002

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  Abstract:

  This study employed an advanced elastoplastic constitutive model for sandy soils and a novel fluid-solid coupling element in Abaqus to investigate the dynamic responses of soil-utility-tunnel systems during seismic-induced liquefaction. By comparing the results of a free-field model, a single-tunnel-soil model, and twin-tunnel-soil models with simplified ground and input conditions, this study investigated the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) on the development of liquefied zones, as well as the impacts of tunnel spacing on the structural internal forces and displacement responses. The results indicate that SSSI between adjacent tunnels significantly affects the dynamic responses of the structures and surrounding soil during liquefaction. When the spacing between adjacent tunnels is relatively small, the dynamic internal forces of the tunnels during liquefaction significantly increase compared to cases without adjacent tunnels. Additionally, the uplift and rotational displacements are also higher for adjacent twin tunnels. The amplification effects of internal forces and displacements caused by SSSI gradually diminish as the tunnel spacing increases. In conclusion, in the seismic design of utility tunnels considering liquefaction, the SSSI effects should be carefully considered if adjacent tunnels or other underground structures are present, thereby avoiding the underestimation of structural responses and the corresponding safety risks.