Because load-bearing structural members are unevenly distributed in high-rise buildings, the distance between these members is unequal. This irregular distribution may cause the acceleration resonance effect during earthquakes, resulting in building instability. In this paper, the seismic retrofit of high-rise structures was studied on the basis of incremental dynamic analysis using parameters such as seismic intensity, peak ground velocity, and the maximum story drift ratio. A 3D model of an actual high-rise building was constructed using ABAQUS software, and multiple seismic waves and ground motion records were selected to validate the seismic vulnerability curve. The results show that installing dampers in the high-rise structure improves the bearing capacity of components and enhances the seismic performance of the building. Increasing the thickness of steel plates improves the seismic resistance of the structure and reduces the exceeding probability of IO, LS, and CP of the frame structure in the limit state. Increasing the strength of concrete improves the anticollapse performance of the frame structure. After seismic retrofitting, the seismic capacity of the high-rise structure improves from 0.91 to 1.01. This study proves that strengthening and perfecting the vulnerable areas of buildings based on a seismic vulnerability analysis improves the seismic vulnerability of high-rise structures and reduces the loss of earthquake disasters.