To investigate the vibration effects induced by heavy-duty vehicles passing through rumble strips and their influence on adjacent civil buildings, this paper combines theoretical analysis, field measurement, and numerical simulation. A civil building adjacent to the Baiyin section of National Highway 308 in China was selected as the research object. The results indicate the following: First, when a heavy-duty vehicle passes through rumble strips at a speed of 30 km/h, the vibration propagation velocity at the building foundation reaches 0.178 cm/s, exceeding the safety threshold specified in the standard (0.177 cm/s). Second, a comparative analysis of the impact of traffic volume on surrounding civil buildings reveals that, as traffic volume increases, the vehicle-induced vibration propagation velocity also increases. Third, the field-measured vibration propagation patterns align with theoretical predictions, showing the velocity reduction with distance. Fourth, frequency-domain analysis reveals that the vibration frequency is primarily concentrated within 0-50 Hz, with the frequency corresponding to the maximum vibration propagation velocity concentrated within 10-20 Hz, closely matching the vehicle-induced vibration propagation frequency of basic particles. Finally, based on the research results and relevant specifications, it is recommended to limit heavy-duty vehicle speeds to below 30 km/h to mitigate the vibration impact on civil buildings.