The Yardang landform through which the newly built Yuqia-Yiliping railway in Qinghai Province passes was investigated in this study. Field real-time tests were carried out on ground vibrations induced by heavy-haul trains with different speeds, and then the attenuation characteristics of vibration acceleration in the frequency domain and time domain in the Yardang area were analyzed. Through a geological survey, a vibration analysis model of the Yardang slope was constructed. A numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the acceleration and displacement responses of a typical Yardang slope with weak interlayers under different train speeds, and the safety distance was calculated. The results showed that the attenuation rate of vibration acceleration decreased rapidly with the increase in distance. The acceleration attenuated quickly at 2.5-5.5 m and tended to be flat at 5.5-15.5 m. As the distance increased, the high-frequency components were suppressed, and the frequency gradually moved toward the low frequency. The weak interlayer in the lower part of the slope sharply reduced the transmission coefficient and had a good vibration isolation effect. However, the vibration isolation function of the weak interlayer in the upper layer was not significant. Taking the peak vibration velocity (PPV) as the vibration quantity evaluation index, it was found that the influence distance of heavy-haul trains was less than 6.1 m when the speed was below 70 km/h.