Seismic resilience of tunnels is a core research topic in underground engineering disaster prevention and mitigation. The concept of seismic resilience offers a new paradigm for seismic safety analysis and performance optimization of tunnel systems. This article systematically reviews the assessment methods and enhancement strategies of seismic resilience in tunnel engineering. First, it expounds on the evolutionary process of the concept of seismic resilience from the ecological field to the engineering field and clarifies the core connotation of tunnel seismic resilience: the ability to resist seismic hazards and rapidly restore structural functions. Second, it systematically generalizes the mathematical models and scenario-based engineering evaluation frameworks for resilience assessment and constructs a technical system for evaluating tunnel seismic resilience. Further, from the two dimensions of resistance and recovery resilience, it explores the technical measures to enhance the damage resistance of tunnel bodies and their interfaces and design strategies to improve the efficiency of post-earthquake functional recovery. Finally, the limitations of existing studies are highlighted in terms of model applicability, multihazard coupling effects, and life cycle cost analysis, and the development trends toward intelligentization and systematization are prospected. This article is intended to provide a systematic reference for the theoretical advancement and engineering practice of seismic resilience in tunnel engineering.